Analysis of Urinary Biomarkers for Early Detection of Kidney Dysfunction Among Pre-Elementary Pupils

Abstract

Kidney dysfunction in children is an emerging yet underrecognized public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of kidney dysfunction among pre-elementary pupils at Bauang North Central School, La Union, using urinalysis, body mass index (BMI), and survey data assessing lifestyle, family history, and medical background. An analytical cross-sectional design was employed, including a total of 47 students. Physical, chemical, and microscopic urine examinations revealed a prevalence rate of 34.04% for early kidney dysfunction, with 81.25% of these cases being asymptomatic. Urinalysis findings included proteinuria, elevated albumin-creatinine ratios, and presence of urinary elements such as casts and crystals, suggestive of early renal impairment. Lifestyle factors, particularly excessive gadget use and intake of processed foods and sugary drinks, emerged as notable contributors, while family history had limited influence in this population. Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between BMI, lifestyle, or family history and kidney status, although medical history, particularly the use of medications without professional guidance, showed potential impact. The findings emphasize the critical need for early detection, public health education, and preventative efforts in schools to reduce the burden of undetected pediatric kidney dysfunction and its progression to chronic disease.